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aa ", Baneroft Library, by A. Li. Kroober.. Pp..1-27. -May,’ 1908 __ 
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“by J. Alden Mason. FP. acti ierriap 1916. oc tte Cae: 
/ Index, PP, ATS-ATB. " | ey 


BY 


A. H. GAYTON 


. 


UNIVERSITY or Sree tae PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN | 
AND ETHNOLOGY 


UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS — 
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA _ 


CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 
Lonpon, ENGLAND 
* r 4 ‘ 
: 
\ 


THE UHLE COLLECTIONS FROM NIEVERIA 


BY 


Atha Geary, LON 


CONTENTS Aone 
St Ug OAS Eg As 0k Lacs tbicc lady oe benneasdebnaip hinds sacsdauant shes odcsiocss ag, Sa, 306 
ME ee CE LO VOT SOc ah cee Sol de Sapa td xpsav ears pases owtuns sorstansds gensdadesdgcaseaetiebwenwes 307 
RRP CM Mf ene aN acetone dacs GA spoiled Poss dias atin SaeNis nahn cSrkactobnntendbuaessi 307 
mpigonas, Nazca Y, Chimu-influenced warecn........c...ccccccscsssesscdbessssstscssssssesesdensone 312 
Breer EO CUS MOU LEIY SDCCIMNODS 6 ags05 05.6 hacen es sockets sabevtoden seek scsbunavceystin Varen severe 314 
WU RM ELC LOTS he co cee cpp cles op kb thooh cdo ebtssah ences) sacle, ca shdaced dusnaswerQe ean aks 316 
EME LOT AY © IPEO VEDIENI CC... 365 de. fo, see sgeat cetsovevecanccaderedaset ante vives cthgueddlivasiose 316 
ATO SriSS eR DG ee mC ee AE ie gh Eos ch ivtica, Secs higslcteboves liens acs bilan oes 316 
ie WAL SUE LS EGE, Sklar, 8H, oe a Re ae ei ee a 320 
I Ee eM Be i ek a, Te, WE Re ov a ails aceon si eae aoannst 320 
eg SS Be os coon w ssid c os ac noced PRavwsbc ips tho Deer bees oie 322 
RRM ORM RE een acd cerinbnas Che cec abel ss cusses att eee cab ney sauke steep bane 325 
Conclusions: Relation of pottery styles at Nieverfa........0.ccccececccceeeteeeeees 326 
Stylistic identification of material illustrated by d’Harcourt......0...0.0000000cce. 328 
Explanation of plates and catalogue numbers of specimens illustrated................ 329 
PLATES 


Following page 392 


91. Proto-Lima A, B, C, D; Epigonal A, B wares. 

92. Proto-Lima A; Nazca Y, Chimu-influenced wares. 

93. Proto-Lima A, B, C ware. 

94. Proto-Lima B; Epigonal A wares. 

95. Proto-Lima B; Epigonal, Nazca Y, Chimu-influenced wares. 

96. Proto-Lima A, B; Nazea Y, Chimu-influenced; miscellaneous wares. 

97. Nieverfa styles of pottery from Pachacamac; University Museum, Phila- 


delphia. 

FIGURES IN TEXT PAGE 
MME Eet CTV ALIOY Of LATE. 5.0!2)s oe. eecacuan een paenegeese cect aaesnda pebttsdere dag e 307 
DIOR OUR HOCUS tee 8 le tee 8 a iso ie ceddined tented eee aa eager aeal, 317 
NEY ee rE ST 8 a iyo Vibha Sh leh aden Mees Datinde iM Sa ete 318 
IIE MEIC OCT GS-00. 0 021A hte. tae Riera, eects aad pac tag A ee nee to aca aa, 319 
(SL wi REET A i apie | Mle eels tela i aca ee RO. eeu Pee NFE Tarek RI en UR, AR de 320 
UD, BU 8 RS TUR LHS Sal ates Sophy ak ake ene NM tte pO ch eeinaek RY nk en oe a ae 321 
PIO rt) Pee Re. ys hat i hla orcad dh ool bad Mah Moca ae jon patie 322 
REET OPE RTL GEC, CAPS Cal sake viteg sha deaenc cued socs Toaese rs et oe Nee thc ne oe eA 322 
STITT AER TIIE GOL FAUT TCs ste eotaa sinter a oatovnee ited riscelnasnon ia oonetende hed cuore 323 
SOE MOREE ALEC OCU CS Lath ht cents Sinise et oh uhinns aarti GG gen vont Ts cna de nae sae 324 

ik 


OMI LO MN TOUIGST tc. Uk hie atk: abodes © ansaid dealer a More irae ome re 325 


306 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


INTRODUCTION 


The present paper is similar in method and purpose to previous 
monographs! that have offered an analysis and interpretation of 
Peruvian antiquities in the University museum. The collection under 
consideration was made by Dr. Max Uhle in 1906 under the patronage 
of Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst. The source is mentioned in the collector’s 
catalogue as an ‘‘excavation in the upper end of the Valley of Lima, 
hacienda Nieveria, near the ruins of Cajamarquilla.’’ This site, 
though near Cajamarquilla, is not to be confused with the ruins there. 
The cemeteries where these collections and others were obtained by 
Uhle? are on the hacienda Nieveria (fig. 1). 

The collection of antiquities from Nieveria comprises 191 catalogue 
entries, Museum numbers 4-9164 to 4-9355; of these 148 are pottery 
objects, the remaining 43, non-pottery specimens. Specimens 4—9164 
to 4-9231, which include only 6 non-pottery specimens, are from 34 
separate graves, averaging 1.7 specimen per grave. This leaves over 
50 per cent of the pottery and practically all the non-pottery collec- 
tion without grave provenience. We can at best only assume that the 
non-grave material was procured by huaqueros in the same cemetery 
at Nieveria. In analyzing the collection the grave lots were kept 
intact. Although there resulted no differentiation in style among the 
grave lots, a contrast between grave and non-grave material was found 
to exist through the absence of Chimu influenced and Nazea Y influ- 
enced ware in the graves. All stylistic strains found in the entire 
collection are present in the non-grave material. 

In this paper the collection has been described primarily from a 
stylistic point of view. Since the grave lots do not group stylistically, 
it is unnecessary to separately describe their contents. The graves 
are listed with the museum numbers and stylistic strains of their 
contents in table 2.2. With the exception of the six non-pottery speci- 
mens of grave provenience, the pottery and non-pottery collections 
will be taken up separately. 


1 Present series, xx1: A. L. Kroeber and William Duncan Strong, The Uhle 
Collections from Chincha, pp. 1-54, 1924; Max Uhle, Excavations at Chincha, 
pp. 55-92, 1924; Kroeber and Strong, The Uhle Pottery Collections from Iea, 
pp. 94-133, 1924; Strong, The Uhle Pottery Collections from Ancon, pp. 135-190, 
1925; Kroeber, The Uhle Pottery Collections from Moche, pp. 191-234, 1925; 
Kroeber, The Uhle Pottery Collections from Supe, pp. 235-264, 1925; Kroeber, 
The Uhle Pottery Collections from Chancay, pp. 265-304, 1926; xxiv: A. H. Gay- 
ton and A. L. Kroeber, The Uhle Pottery Collections from Nazca, pp. 1-46, 1927. 

2Uhle, Uber die Frihkulturen in der Umgebung von Lima, Internat. Cong. 
Americanists, XVI (Vienna, 1908), pp. 347-371, 1910. 

3 The symbols in table 2—A, B, ©, D, Epig., A-B, Nazea Y—I, and Chimu I— 
indicate the stylistic strains described below. 


1927 ] Gayton: The Uhle Collections from Nieveria 307 


POTTERY STYLES AT NIEVERIA 


The potteries in the collection under consideration fall into two 
general groups: one comprises ware in Proto-Lima styles, a local style 
prevalent in the valley of Lima; the second is of ware showing non- 
local influences from Epigonal styles as represented at Pachacamace, 
and from Chimu and Nazea Y styles. 


Carabaillo 


<=" 


XN 
ChesicaY 


us v. 
Nievercva 
° 


Cojamarpuillg 


Ww 


A 


\ 


y 
Aramburu LRA 
CALLAO ° 


fo) 
Betlavi sta 


O Miraflores 


J) Chorrillos 


Pachacamaw o 


OLurin 


Fig. 1. Map of the valley of Lima. 


PROTO-LIMA 


The Proto-Lima style is essentially one of ‘‘red ware.’’ Of the 148 
pottery vessels in this collection 137 have been classified as Proto- 
Lima, 11 as miscellaneous. Excepting six blackware or buechero 


308 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


specimens, every piece in this collection has a brick-red or red-orange 
background. The paste is a dull brick-red; the surface is occasionally 
left unslipped but more often a slip of more intense red or red-orange 
is applied and rubbed down. Design areas are small or concentrated, 
revealing about three-quarters of the surface area. White and black 
are used with a dark red in designs; dark red is sometimes used alone 
on the red-orange background but white never appears alone. 

Within the general Proto-Lima style four strains or elements are 
discernible ; these have been designated A, B, C, and D. A and B are 
styles including features of texture, shape, and decoration; C is a style 
of ornamentation, and D one of shape. 

Strain A.—Ware of strain A is made of a coarse, heavy, dull 
reddish paste. Though the formation of the vessels is seldom actually 
asymmetrical, a faultlessly smooth contour was never attained by the 
potter. The shapes of this strain are commonly two: (1) a horizontally 
flattened spherical jar with a low, flaring neck, the rim of which on 
one side extends into a short ribbon handle curving down to the upper 
plane of the body; (2) a spherical bowl having a wide mouth finished 
with a low, slightly flaring rim. The decoration of this ware is simple. 
If the paste is slipped, it is with its own color or one darker and more 
intense. The surface is never polished but is rubbed down until hard. 
On this is painted the design: lines or groups of lines radiate from 
the neck and extend far down the sides of the vessel; trigrams center 
about the neck, their points falling about halfway between neck and 
base; less frequently a small area of textile-like or interlocking pattern 
(strain C) decorates the upper plane of the body on one or opposite 
sides; around the neck a banding of simple, interlocking frets is 
frequently used (see pl. 98a). 

The colors employed, including that of the background, usually 
number three or four, never five; red, black, and white, or red and 
white, or red and black on the red-orange surface. 

Strain A appears in 64 specimens; it is the only or dominant 
element in 54, or 40 per cent of the total collection of 137 pottery 
vessels in Proto-Lima style. Of these 54, 36 are from graves and 18 
are without grave provenience. | 

Strain B.—Ware of this type, compared with strain A, employs a 
paste of finer texture and lighter and brighter red-orange color; the 
walls of the vessels are thinner and their contour smoother. . The 
surface finish is sometimes unslipped, hard, and dull, but when slipped 


SN 


1927] Gayton: The Uhle Collections from Nieveria 309 


with a deep red-orange paint, which is more frequently the case, is 
hard and glossy. Shapes of strain B are two: (1) spherical jars with 
a long, slightly converging, perpendicular spout; having a tubular 
handle extending from the upper plane of the body to the center of 
the spout (pl. 94a, c, 7-1). A variation of this shape has a lenticular 
body, a high, slightly flaring, perpendicular spout and a ribbon handle; 
it is frequently decorated with the textile-lke patterns of strain C 
(pl. 938j-l; 94 g-1). (2) The second shape of strain B is a double- 
spout jar of variously formed bodies, ribbon handles, and slender 
spouts parallel, or divergent in the Tiahuanacan manner (pl. 91a; 
94b, e, f). The coloring of strain B ware is most frequently four-color, 
seldom three- or five-color. Though the number of colors used is the 
same as in strain A, the use of clear, bright pigments gives it a distinct 
‘polychrome’ effect in comparison with the duller A ware. When, in 
strain B, a fifth color is used, it is invariably gray added to the usual 
red, orange, black, and white color scheme. White and black are 
skilfully used in groups of narrow lines or rows of dots which heighten 
the contrast between the design area and the solid red-orange back- 
ground. Vessels of the single spout, tubular handle type of strain B 
occur at Pachacamac in the Epigone period‘ (pl. 97 c-f). 

Strain B is present in 64 specimens; it is the only or dominant 
strain in 50, or 37 per cent of the total 137 pieces. Of these 50, 14 
are from graves and 36 are without grave provenience. 

Strain C.—This strain is not like A or B which have characteristic 
shapes as well as designs. It is a style of decoration consisting of 
interlocking or textile-like patterns which appear on A, B, and D 
forms. A few pieces have been classed as pure or predominantly C 
because the shapes used were not classifiable as A, B, or D (see 
table 2, p. 815). 

The interlocking triangular or rectangular frets fill restricted 
areas on opposite sides of vessels, and are used as single horizontal 
bands around spouts (pl. 93a, e, f, h). On two low dishes, nos. 4—9175 
and 4—9254, such bands fill the entire upper zone of the inturned side 
(pl. 95a, c). The character and application of these interlocking 
patterns are comparable to those of Chaneay E2 ware.’ Sherds with 
similar patterns and frets were found by Uhle at Pachacamac in the 
soil containing pottery of the Epigone period.* On vessel 4—9169 a 
Bs fee? Max, Pachacamae, Univ. of Penn., Philadelphia, 1903, p. 28, figs. 


5 This volume, p. 275. 
6 Uhle, Pachacamac, p. 29, figs. 26-28. 


310 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


+ 


pattern of interlocking fish appears rendered in the ‘textile manner’ ; 
i.e., oblique lines are broken into offset parts like those resulting from 
loom-weaving (pl. 91f). Designs of interlocking fish of the type 
occurring frequently on Nazca B’ pottery are entirely lacking in this 
collection of Proto-Lima ware. 

Textile-like patterns consist of areas filled with small angular 
figures geometrically arranged. Their use and effect are the same as 
those of interlocking patterns (pl. 93g, l; pl. 94c, g, 7). Both groups 
of patterns may be genetically related through designs employed in 
textiles of the same period. Although no specimens of cloth were 
found with the vessels of grave provenience, fragments 4-9350a (fig. 
9) and 0b, have interlocked borders identical with those on pottery 
specimens shown in plates 93f and 94e, respectively, and occurring on 
several other vessels in the collection. Cloth specimen 4-9350e is 
decorated with a tied and dyed design which, though on a larger scale, 
is comparable to that on vessel 4-9279 (pl. 94c). The intricacies of 
strain C patterns are emphasized by the employment of two colors 
which indicate their opposing or interlocking parts. Black and white 
are most frequently combined, red and white or red and black less 
frequently. 

Strain C occurs in 18 of the total 137 vessels. It has been con- 
sidered the dominant strain in 10 specimens; 3 of these are from 
oraves. 

Strain D.—A tendency to fanciful shaping and modeled orna- 
mentation of vessels, in Proto-Lima style, has been termed strain D. 
Such ware is always of paste of fine texture like that of style B. The 
D shapes may be merely an elaboration of B shapes, as the double- 
spout jars, nos. 4-9276 (pl. 91a) and 4-9277 (pl. 94e), and the single 
spout, handled jar no. 4-9278 (pl. 94a). The strain B polychrome 
and dotted effect is combined with D forms; strain C textile and inter- 
locking patterns occur on them with perhaps even greater frequency 
to judge by illustrations from other collections.® 

Though strain D is present in 19 of the 137 specimens in the col- 
lection under consideration there is but one, no. 4-9169 (pl. 91f) that 
may be classed as predominantly of that ge other elaborately 
modeled shapes are lacking here. 

In summary, then, the Proto-Lima style as Pee by the Uhle 
collection contains four notable strains: A, a coarse ware of dull color- 


7 This series, xxIv, 1-46, 1927. 


8d’Harcourt, Raoul, La Céramique de Cajamarquilla-Niveria, Jour. Soe. 
Américanistes Paris, xLv, 1922, pls. III, 1, 3, 7; IV, 7; V, 1, 2, 3; VII, 1, 3, 4, 6. 


= 
rl TABLE 1 
TABULATION OF SHAPE AND DESIGN ATTRIBUTES ’ ; 
n 
: 
om hy af = 
 @ n o » 
& 3 g : ‘ a E 2 = 
— a (| &) + oP ae hy Co) 
eee ete S oy Bb SF Bie tog aa led 
s s &§ 32 £ » & & tae ere ee et 
= Number geht ee Peis steel 9 pee ee og eS ee See aoe 
3 Shape groups -- in Dominant strain | Design o ES a 3 bE Pe Buk as | pee te nn Ce ee me es oe Sy oe 
1 5 ; a= ag WwW we ws we 
x group or style traits: He 645 -O. 5: BS" GS 2" ee He eee eee ee ee ee ee on ae a 
= een i el en Se oa mee eer ee ee eh Rb a 
= BR Bg 8 Py oe OB eee cee de ee eee 
2 BO Oe pS ee ce a il ee ee 
fen) « 
= 
ieee 12 9 ae oe etl 5 29 A NG) iJ 3 6 1 3 5 5 618 | 
~D “+ 
= 
Q Jar—low neck, flat handle 33 AY Py ee te ee lis ao MSS ee See eee tee : 
8 Jar—straight neck, flat handle..........000.0000..... 24 Bice eee eee 1 (We eto aie 1 2 5 1 2 Le 
SS Jar—converging spout, tubular handle........ 14 B, Epig 1 1 1 3 1 1 6 4 1 1 1 
3S Rimmed bow.......... i Suva pes dag egeaene- es 11 yi ten eee dees 4 | 
a Double spout Jars... iz enna Aeeme 9 Bab pigwen. eee. 2 3 2 Oe a) Ihe Bh 1 1 3 
= Bottle 9 B, Nazca Y Infl..... ih ae 1 2 an me) Wer ne 
Foe 4c) Finale setimen Oe arenes ae her Sie ae 8 B, Nazea Y Infl..... 2 1 ; 1 
= Head ‘and spout jartece..ce eee 5 D, Chimu Infl... .... 3 1 5 % 
Ny Plate with handle and spout..........0.0.000. 4 B, Nazca Y Infl. .... 221 1 
. Low: dishizen. edo ae ee eee 1 1 1 
= Corrugatedcvase dace ne 1 1 1 : 
a= Jar with handle and spout............. 3 1 
& Mammiform ja¥i\i4 53, e ee ES, 1 1 : 
Figure Vasey. .:h th eS ee 7 1 7 } 
Bucehero jar. 225) Fe 1 Wee gee 1 1 ¥ 
Double jarz.2.75 Fain Na eae coer ke, 1 Seer deans 1 : ior 
Saucer.............. de cope 2 5 
1 : : 
1 ' : 
—_ — Three-legged bow1.......... bebe, rent Scan or PaeM 1 i . ae ape : a Ses Pn . . cae 
aes - a a P " a ee , Pir ; 2 me : 5 es fs pow . as a “wars sae oS 2 Sin page ex am — < 4, > : ste > 
: e; & oe eames tart | 137° es é sige pe ea a see ca Wie i at ata a Ee = eee hee, ee 
Ay “ 7 


312 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


ing and simple design; B, a finer ware of brighter coloring and com- 
paratively elaborate design; C, ornamentation by interlocking and 
textile patterns; and D, a ware of fanciful shapes and modeled orna- 
mentation. These elements have been isolated for the purpose of 
deseribing the style; they do not constitute discrete substyles but 
occur in varying combinations. The essential homogeneity of Proto- 
Lima style and the absorption of foreign traits into the local style are 
indicated in table 1. From this table, which itemizes and relates all 
important elements of design and shape occurring in this collection 
of pottery, itis seen that none of the Proto-Lima design traits are 
exclusively characteristic of one strain. 


EPIGONAL, NAZCA Y, AND CHIMU-INFLUENCED WARE 


Of the collection under consideration 19 pieces, or 13 per cent, 
show influences from extraneous coast cultures; namely, those of the 
Epigonal period® at Pachacamac in the neighboring valley of Lurin, 
the Nazea Y period!® from the valley of Nazca to the south, and the 
Proto-Chimu period’? on the northern coast. The specimens here 
referred to (see table 2) appear to be wares of local manufacture 
styled after non-local patterns rather than foreign importations. 

The Epigonal element present in the ware from Nieveria takes two 
shghtly differing forms which have been designated here as A and B, 
corresponding respectively to Uhle’s Tiahuanaco and Epigone styles.* 
Two double-spout jars are in the Epigonal A style; one of these (pl. 
91b) is in five colors, black, white, red, yellow, and purple, and bears 
two mythological bird-fish-like creatures on each side of the upper 
plane. The colorings of these are reversed: the pattern on the side of 
the vessel which is not visible in our illustration corresponds with one 
in the Museum at Lima.'® The other Epigonal A double-spout jar 
is identical in shape but is of undecorated orange-red ware (pl. 94d). 
The third piece classed as Epigonal A is a vase of buechero ware. 
A Tiahuanacan strain is evident in its tubular spout ornamented 
with a modeled face (pl. 957). This is the only blackware specimen of 
grave provenience; besides this specimen grave 3 contained three other 
vessels, one each of Proto-lima styles A, B, and D. 

In spite of the fact that this collection contains but three specimens 
classifiable as Epigonal A, that style was indubitably a potent factor 
conditioning strain B of Proto-Lima style. The jar with tapering 

9 Uhle, Pachacamag, pls. 4, 5. 12 Uhle, Pachacamae, pls. 4, 5. 


10 This series, XXIV, pls. 12-17. 13 d’Harcourt, op. cit., pl. I, fig. 3. 
11 This volume, pls. 53-55. 


1927 | Gayton: The Uhle Collections from Nieveria 313 


spout and tubular handle shown by Uhle*‘ is our shape 1 of strain B.™ 
Though Nieverian vessels of this shape entirely lack Tiahuanacan 
ornamentation, the addition of gray to their otherwise Proto-Liman 
color scheme indicates a further influence from the Lurin valley. It 
is possible that the radiating lines and rows of dots decorating many 
strain B vessels are modifications of Epigonal patterns which Uhle has 
regarded as degenerated bird designs found on vessels of similar shape 
at Pachacamac and here reproduced by the courtesy of Director G. 
B. Gordon of the University of Pennsylvania Museum (pl. 97c—f).'® 
Although it is essential for the sake of verity to point out these 
Epigonal elements in strain B vessels, their deviation in style is so 
strongly toward local ideals that it prevents their being placed in the 
Epigonal category. 

The Epigonal B vessels are of somewhat heavier paste than the 
Epigonal A pieces, and are more crudely painted. There are three 
specimens in this group: a drum-shaped, bottle-neck flask with a 
Tiahuanacoid-Epigonal design in R, Br?, and B on the shoulders; a 
vase with slightly convergent neck, a zone of geometric pattern in 
Rh’, Br, B, and Gy encircling its upper plane (pl. 91d); and a small 
lenticular lipless bowl with two horizontally placed ribbon handles, 
colors R, R? and W (pl. 95e).17 Of the more typically Epigonal 
designs, such as series of overlapping triangular areas, rectangular 
faces topped by awkwardly drooping plumes, or conventionalized bird 
heads, none are represented in this collection. Seven other specimens 
predominantly of Proto-Lima B style show traces of Epigonal B influ- 
ences. Two of these, of non-grave source, have Nazca Y constituents 
as well. 

The Nazea Y element in ware from Lima valley is slight but 
unmistakable. It is the dominant characteristic of five specimens (see 
table 2) and is present in five others. These specimens are all with- 
out grave provenience. Two Nazca Y-influenced pieces are very low 
lenticular bowls having a long projecting spout on one side and on the 
opposite a conical handle. One is decorated with two Nazcoid double- 
headed serpents, colors R, R?, B, W (pl. 95d). On the other (pl. 95f), 
four mythological creatures characterized by the tripart element 
typical of the late Nazean Jagged-staff demon design'® are disposed in 
four opposing panels. The rectangular convention of these creatures 
hints at a Tiahuanacan (Pachacamac) influence. It should be noted 


14 Pachacamae, pl. 4, no. 4. 17 Compare Pachacamac, pl. 5, no. 8. 
15 See p. 308. 18 This series, XXIV, 28, fig. 10. 
16 Pachacamae, 28, figs. 23-25. Uhle shows, only the designs, not the vessels. 


} 
| 
} 
| 


314 Unwersity of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


that these two specimens, in spite of their Nazcan designs, are of 
typical Proto-Liman shape. (@€ompare pl. 95a, c). 

The three remaining Nazcan specimens in this collection have 
almost exact counterparts in the collection from Nazca.1® These are 
olobose-shaped jars with an incipient handle at the base of a bottle- 
neck. Flower-like motifs which are a salient element of Nazea Y style 
decorate the upper zone of these vessels. | 

No specific elements of earlier Nazca styles A, B, or X appear in 
this collection of Nieverian ware. 

Chimu influence, like that of Nazca, is lacking in the Nieverian 
pottery with grave provenience; it is present in controlling propor- 
tions in eleven non-grave specimens. The vessels having Chimu 
ingredients fall into two groups. One is composed of vessels modeled 
to represent seated or squatting human beings, some having a tall 
spout arising directly from the head (pl. 92a, b) whereas others have a 
long spout diverging from a tubular loop handle connected to the 
person’s head or back (pl. 95g-7). The second group is of five black- 
ware specimens (pl. 95j-m; 96c). They are less markedly local in 
style than the other modeled vessels. The colored specimens in this 
strain are differentiated from their Trujillan analogues by quality of 
material and technique and an orange cast in the red pigment. 


MISCELLANEOUS POTTERY SPECIMENS 


Ten pottery objects of little distinction have been classed as miscel- 
laneous (table 2). These will be briefly described. 4-9168a—m con- 
sists of thirteen miniature vessels, conceivably toys. One is in the 
shape of a pot rest. They are all of light reddish paste, undecorated, 
and crudely made. A ring with concave sides and two small modeled 
figures functioning as a handle was probably used as a pot rest 
(4-9207, pl. 960). Two very small red vases of careless technique 
have perforations at the neck as if for suspension; one is pear-shaped 
and the other globose (4—9211, 4-9220). Three small scoops or spoons 
are of fine-textured, red-orange paste (4—-9352, 9353, 9354) ; they are 
asymmetrically checkered with black, red, and yellow stripes. Remain- 
ing specimens are two double flutes of baked clay (4-9198, 4-9199) 
and two small, very crude female figurines (4-9210a, b). | 

A group of gray spindle whorls properly belonging under this 
heading are described with other spindle whorls in the non-pottery 
collection. 


19 This series, xxXIv, 1-46, 1927. 


1927] 


Gayton: The Uhle Collections from Nieveria 315 


TABLE 2 


STYLISTIC DESIGNATION BY GRAVE Lots 


Grave Catalogue number 4— 
1 9164, A. 
2 9166, C; 9167, A; 9168a—m, 
Mise. 
Dero. 9171, B. 9169, DCB, 
C); 9170, Epig. A. 
4. 9173, 9174, A. 
Pe Lo, 9177; A; 9178, B;.9175, 
C, 
G@ 9179 -A. 
JeeesloU, ol62, A+ 9181, A (C). 
Se 20188, 1A. 
99184, 9185, B. 
1 9186. A. 
ieee ves s9, Bs 9187,° 9190, 
Epig. A; 9190a, Epig. B. 
12 9191, 9192, 9194, 9195, 9197, 
mao L06. A (BB); 9193, B 
(A). 
13 9198, 9199, 9200ab, Misc. 
14 9202, A; 9201, B (C). 
Non-grave: 
Style Catalogue number 4— 
A: 9252, 9293-9298, 9301, 9310- 


9312. 


A (B): 9267, 9290, 9292, 9299, 


A 


B: 


9300. 


(Epig. B) 9302. 


9248, 9250, 9251, 9253, 9266, 
9268, 9271, 9279-9282, 9284, 
9285, 9288, 9289, 9291, 9304, 


Grave 


15 


Dominant strain given first; other strains, if present, in parentheses. 


Catalogue number 4-— 
9203, A. 


16 9204, 9205, A. 

Li 9206 AO 207) Mise: 
18 9208, B (C). 

19 9209, B (A); 9210, Misc. 
20°) O211, Mise. 

ole 921204. 

came O215 AGS). 

eee Jol4e A 01D. BCL): 
24 9216, A. 

25 9217; B (A), 

PAs AGFA s oa COP 

Gite oolO TA) 92202 Mise. 
256 0220, A. 

29 9224, 9225, A. 

os G0226, 9227 uA: 

ole 29228 745 

Soe Uae ise (A). 

338° 9231, A (GC). 

34 922250 sCA ): 

Non-grave: 

Style Catalogue number 4— 


B (Naz. Y Infl.) : 9247, 9249, 9273. 
C (A): 9255-9257, 9261, 9262. 

C (B): 9254, 9260. 

Epig. B: 9265, 9283. 

Chimu Infl.: 9234, 9235, 9237-9243, 


9245. 


Chimu Inf. (Epig. B) : 9236. 


Naz. Y Infl.: 9303. 


9305, 9308, 9309, 9355, 
(A): 9306. 

(C): 9258, 9259. 

(D) :9244, 9276-9278, 9286. 
(Epig. B): 9263, 9264, 9274, 
9275. 


DoW 


Naz. Y Infl. (B): 9246, 9269. 
Naz. Y Infl. (B, Epig. B): 9270, 
9272. 

Mise.: 9352-9354. 

Missing: 9287. 


Totals: Strain A, 54; strain B, 50; strain C, 10; strain D, 1; Epigonal AS 3: 


Epigonal B, 3; Chimu influenced, 11; Nazca Y influenced, 5. 


316 University of California Publications in Am, Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


NON-POTTERY COLLECTION 


SPECIMENS OF GRAVE PROVENIENCE 


The non-pottery antiquities in the University «collections from 
Nieveria are not striking in aspect, nor have they valuable cultural 
connotations inasmuch as grave data are lacking for their majority. 
With the exception of six specimens, all are without grave proven- 
ience; further, but three of these were found in conjunction with 
pottery vessels. Thus the collection of artifacts cannot be related with 
the pottery collection in attempting to make a chronological interpre- 
tation for cultures in the valley of Lima. It is classified and deseribed 
here as a matter of record. 

The six antiquities found in graves are as follows. In grave 1, 
containing one vessel of Proto-Lima strain A style, where the frag- 
ments of a silver topu (4-9164a), and three small carved wooden 
objects (4-9164)0). The latter are of unknown purpose unless, 
perhaps, as containers for powders, as one has a tiny plug, also of 
wood, fitting into a cavity. This specimen is inlaid with a gilt-like 
substance. ; 

From grave 13 are 4-9200a, 0; the first a carved bone object 
vaguely representing a llama, the second a broken pan’s pipe of seven 
reeds. 

An atlatl or spear-thrower (49223) came from grave 28, which 
also contained a vessel of Proto-Lima strain A. The weapon is rudely 
earved from a single piece of wood; the catch is anvil-shaped, the 
grasp a ring hewn perpendicularly to the plane of the staff. Dimen- 
sions: 372 mm., total length; 18 mm., greatest width of shaft; 41 mm., 
length of grasp; 31 mm., greatest width of grasp; 23 mm., length of 
eatch; 24 mm., greatest width of catch (fig. 2e). 

With a vessel of Proto-Lima strain B style, in grave 32, was found 
an unornamented stiletto of dark wood (4-9230). Dimensions: 
246 mm., length; 19 mm., diameter at top. 


WOODEN OBJECTS 


The wooden objects in this collection are four staves and the head 
of a fifth, four implements for pounding or scraping, three tubes, two 
spear-throwers, a stiletto, and an infant’s cradle. Their workmanship 
is of a technique carried little beyond the needs of utility: the orna- 
mental carving is simple in the extreme. With the exception of one 


1927 | Gayton: The Uhle Collections from Nieveria 317 


inlaid tube, no extra decoration such as painting, inlay, or polish is 
used. An analytical description of the specimens follows. 


Staves or clubs: 4-9314, 123.3 em. present length, base end broken off; carved 
head 119 mm. long, 62 mm. at widest point, 35 mm. at narrowest. The head 
is carved in a diamond pattern so deeply cut that a ‘pineapple’ effect results 
(fig. 2h). The wood is unpolished, and light in color. 


T=3=) 
a0 


a 


Fig. 2. Wooden objects: a, inlaid tube; b, g, h, staves; c, d, use unknown ; 
e, f, spear throwers. 


4—9315, 684 mm. long ineluding a carved head 90 mm. long; 53 mm., width 
at top of head, 33 mm. at bottom; 25 mm., width at base tip of club. The 
head is simply carved with a diamond pattern. The wood is heavy, hard, and 
dark (fig. 2g). 

4—9320, total length, 370 mm.; 11 mm., width at base tip; head, 117 mm. 
long; 33 mm. and 20 mm., maximum and minimum widths. The head is cut on 
quadrilateral planes without any decorative carving (fig. 2b), material like 
4—9315. 

4—9321, total length, 477 mm.; 14 mm., width at base tip; head, 140 mm. 
long; 33 mm. and 22 mm., maximum and minimum width. Head pointed and 
cut on round. No decorative carving. Wood light in weight and color. 

49223, a club head similar to 4-9314, broken from staff. 130 mm. long, 
68 mm., greatest width. Wood light brown. 


318 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


Implements: Three objects used perhaps for pounding or scraping are ‘ double- 
headed,’ having a center handle with a scoop, blade, or knob on each end. 

4—9317, a double paddle implement, 460 mm., total length; handle about 
10 mm. long, 45 mm. thick; paddles, about 120 mm. long, 100 mm. wide, 30 mm. 
thick at top. One paddle is slightly hollowed out, suggesting a scoop or spoon 


shape. 


| 


Pe 


I 
——— SSN SSS 
CSS 


ee 
| 


Fig. 3. Cradle of canes with coiled binding. 


4—9318, object with a central handle, a flat, paddle-like tool on one end and 
a knobby pounder on the other (fig. 2d). Total length, 501 mm.; handle, 23 mm. 
long, 36 mm. thick; flat end, 103 mm. Jong, 96 mm. wide, 30 mm. thick across 
upper edge; pounder, 167 mm. long, 115 mm. wide at top, 81 mm. thick near 


base. 
4-9319, double implement with scrapers or knives on each end (fig. 2c). 
Total length, 367 mm.; handle, 45 mm. long, 24 mm. wide; blades, about 160 mm. 


long, 50-60 mm. greatest thickness. 

49325, a small pounder; the base is so discolored that it appears to have 
been soaked in a dark pigment. Total length, 146 mm.; handle, 104 mm. long, 
about 21 mm. wide; pounder, 42 mm. long, 49 mm., width at base. 

Tubes: Three tubular objects of wood are of unknown use. They are not 
4—9322 is the most elaborate; it is slightly concave with convergence 


whistles. 
A flat handle carved in a step-block pattern 


toward a mouth-end (?) (fig. 2a). 


1927 | Gayton: The Uhle Collections from Nieverta 319 


and perforated as for suspension extends from the center of the tube. Two 
encircling bands of inlaid mother of pearl decorate the fore portion of the 
object. The wood is dark brown and has been slightly polished. Dimensions: 
length, 264 mm.; width, 40 mm. at large end and 31 mm. at smaller, 23 mm. at 
narrowest point; diameter of perforation in mouth end, 6 mm., diameter at 
opposite end, 31 mm. 


4-9323 is of heavy, dark wood with no ornamentation. It is 505 mm. in 
length; 28 mm., diameter; 11 mm., diameter of perforation. 

A band 17 mm. wide of fabric or finely twisted fibers encircles one end of 
4—9324, a tube of mediumly light wood. Dimensions: 174 mm., length; 26 mm., 
diameter; 8 mm., diameter of perforation. 


e d C a 


Fig. 4. Bone implements: a—d, awls; e, weave dagger. 


Weapons: Of the three weapons in this collection, two, an atlatl and a 
stiletto from graves, have already been described. The third, another spear- 
thrower (4-9316), 504 mm. in length, 13-15 mm., diameter, is of technique 
superior to the other specimen (fig. 2f). The hand grasp is of bone carved in 
the shape of a cat’s head and neck; the eyes are inlaid with a black mineral. 
This and the spear-catch, which is also of bone cut in an anvil shape, are 
fastened to the wooden rod with fibre string and gum. 


Cradle: This specimen, 4—9326, is made of wood and cane (fig. 3). Two out- 
side, parallel beams 505 mm. long, and five cross-braces 339 mm. long of wood 
form a framework on each side of which are bound segments of cane or some 
endogenous plant. The binding is of two-ply fiber string. A coiled stitch is 
used. Within the space between the cane layers, and seemingly placed there 
deliberately, are a number of grains of corn. Provided that the object is a 
cradle as assumed, their presence is perhaps explicable on the basis of their 
having some magical potency. 


320 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


BONE OBJECTS 


Awls: Two awls (4-9328, 4-9329 [broken]), 190 mm. and 160 mm. long, 
respectively, are made of tibiae. The joint is left intact for grasping, and the 
shaft shaped and ground down to a point. Incised dots and dot-cireles in 
geometric arrangement ornament the handles (fig. 4a, b). 


49327, 167 mm. long, is perhaps a large rib-bone split through its breadth 
at the joint and ground down to a point. It is decorated with an incised dot- 
circle design. 4—9330, 190 mm.,long, is similar to the preceding but is undecorated 
(fig. 4c, d). 

Weave daggers: 4—9331, 168 mm. length, 21 mm. greatest width; and 4—9332, 
163 mm. length, 17 mm. greatest width, are of flat, split (rib?) bone. The 
blades are ground down to dull, rounded points. They are unornamented, and 
evidently intended for fine work (fig. 4e). 


f 8 h 


Fig. 5. Shell objects: a-e, spondylus shell beads; f—h, incised ornaments 
of nacreous shell. 


ORNAMENTS 


Pendants: In the non-pottery collection are a considerable number of beads 
or objects with perforations for suspension or interlacings. 4—9334 consists of 
(a) eight rectangular pieces of spondylus shell (fig. 5a), one of which has bits 
of three-ply string remaining in its holes; (b) three small pendants cut from a 
thick white shell (fig. 5c); (c) two cylindrical beads 25-30 mm. long, 5-8 mm. 
thick of chalky shell (fig. 5e); (d) a cruciform piece probably cut from shapes 
under (a) (fig. 5b); (e) a rectangular bead of shell (fig. 5d); and (f) a shell 
pendant with two diagonal perforations as if for sewing on cloth. 


1927 | Gayton: The Uhle Collections from Nieveria 321 


Four shell ornaments cut in naturalistic forms are entered under 4—9337. 
One is a pendant of white and hard shell simply but carefully cut and engraved 
to represent a frog. It is 32 mm. long, with 28 mm. as greatest width (fig. 5f). 
Of iridescent shell is a pendant 40 mm. long and 23 mm. wide, cut and incised in 
the conventionalized shape of a fish. Two other pendants of nacreous shell 
probably intended to represent bird forms are 40-48 mm. long and 23 mm. wide 
(fig. 5f-h). 

4—9344 consists of two segments of spondylus shell 80-85 mm. in length. Ten 
dises or rectangles cut from clamshell constitute 4—9340. 


Amulets: A group of six very small clay and stone objects which are con- 
ceivably amulets comprise 4—9336, a—d. Four of these are crude little figures of 
clay, two (female) with sketchy faces with incised features (fig. 6a, b); and 
two, the body portions of which are broken, with bird or beak-like heads 
and large, round, raised eyes (fig. 6c, d). The two remaining objects are an 
amorphous pebble with incised ornamentation and a perforation (fig. 6e), and 
a bottle-shaped pebble with a diagonal perforation through the ‘neck.’ 


6] BBB 
| Wi \ aoa 


d b 


Fig. 6. Amulets: a—d, small pottery female figures; e, incised and 
perforated pebble. (All actual size.) 


Earplugs: 4-9345 and 4-9346 are a pair of wooden earplugs with mosaic 
decoration of good workmanship (fig. 7c, f). Dimensions: 62 mm., total length ; 
48 mm., length of stem; 23 mm., diameter of stem; 41 mm., diameter of disc. 
The dises are inlaid in the design of a bird with pieces of shell in opaque color- 
ings of violet, pink, blue, flesh, and white. The adhesive seems to be a resinous 
substance. 

49335, a piece of soft white shell inlaid with shell or stone flakes in a 
llama’s head design is probably an unfinished earplug dise. It is about 43 mm. 
by 48 mm. in size (fig. 7g). 

An earplug of chonta-wood, 4—9347, has a total length of 44 mm., 31 mm., 
length of stem, 21 mm., diameter of stem, 34 mm., diameter of disc. The disc 
is cut for an inlaid four-scroll design; the inlaid material has disappeared 
(ne. Th; €). 

4-9343, an earplug of light wood, the dise of which had a circular inlay, has 
a total length of 37 mm.; 24 mm., length of stem, 5 mm., diameter of stem, 
32 mm., diameter of dise (fig. 7a, d). 

Miscellaneous: An ovoid bead (4-9341) 22 mm. high, 13 mm. wide, is of blue, 
white-veined stone. | ; 

A collection of small univalve shells (4-9338) and three small fluted bivalves 
(4-9339) have perforations as for pendants. 


322 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


Specimen 4-9349 is a stone disc 11 mm. thick and 39 mm. in diameter. One 
surface is faced with eight glistening iron pyrites set in a cement or adhesive 
substance. Fine threads encircle the side of the disc; they appear to have been 
glued on. On opposing sides two oblique perforations penetrate the stone from 
side to back surface. 


Fig. 7. Earplugs: a—f, types of earplugs and dises with inlay of shell and 
mineral; g, piece of shell with inlaid design, probably for earplug dise. (Dark 
hatching, dislodged inlay; light hatching, lavender; cross-hatching, green; broken 
hatching, gray; stippling, pink.) 


TEXTILES 
The district about Lima, including Ancon, Sureo, Lurin, and 
Pachacamac, is said to have been the most advanced in the manufac- 
ture of textiles.2° A variety of decorative techniques is represented 
in the present collection from Nieveria though it comprises but one 
complete and five extremely fragmentary specimens. 


oN 


Fig. 8. Knitted cap. (Shape only; design in five colors.) 


20 Crawford, M. D. C., Peruvian Fabrics, A. M. N. H. Anthro. Papers, 12, 
p. 178, 1916. 


1927 | ' Gayton: The Uhle Collections from Nieveria 323 


4—9350 is a rectangular cap with an upright finger-like projection at each 
corner (fig. 8). The thread is of wool, of medium coarseness and hard. The 
fabric is not loom-woven but is made of a single thread by a knitting or crochet 
technique. The stitch resembles ‘German knitting’ and is unpurled. Crumbling 
condition of the thread prevents a positive determination of the technique.?! 
According to Crawford22 knitting was common in Peru, especially for making 
caps and bags. The decorative design is geometric. The colors have faded 
unevenly and attained considerable neutrality; those identifiable are black, yellow, 
brown, green, and red. An intermediate shade between yellow and brown is a 
doubtful sixth color. 


p = 


SO ISU fp /G p 
ISU), 


ALYY S| \\ 
% 


li 
ps 
o 

<N 

ASF BS 

< a 
~~ 


KX 


~ b 


\ i 
= Besse 
ees 
KOSS 
NW SSOD 
“as 


Ye 
UNS 
EN 


\\p 
a re | 
A) 
ia 


' 


1 
‘ 
1 
: 
1 
/ 
' 


Fig. 9. Unit of knitted fabric. (Dark hatching, red; light oblique hatching, 
yellow; horizontal hatching, blue; cross-hatching, violet; white, light yellow; 
black, brown. ) 


AY 
' 
‘ 
‘ 
, 


4-9350a is another single-thread fabric, extremely fine and of intricate 
technique. The thread is hard, fine, and of wool. The fabric is double-face 
with patterns and colors in identical position. Both sides are in purled knitting 
with the stitches interlocking at the back to form a single layer of fabric. The 
specimen is about 525 mm. long, and shows three of the design panels in com- 
plete length, but their width is indeterminate as the greatest present width of 


21 For the determination of materials and techniques of specimens 4—9350, 
4-9350a, we are indebted to Miss Agnes Nelson, Department of Household Art, 
- University of Calfornia. 

22 Op cit., 163. 


324 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


the specimen is but 104 mm. The design, which is shown in figure 9, is of a 
fish-like creature similar to those on canteen jars of period El at Chancay.23 
The bands of interlocking frets are similar to designs on Proto-Lima and 
Chancay El pottery. The six colors employed have retained much of their 
original brightness; they are red, violet, blue, brown, yellow, and light yellow. 

4—9350b is a fragment of tapestry fabric about 22 cm. by 25 cm. The weft 
thread is of medium fineness and the warps about double the thickness. An 
angular scroll design done in red, red-orange, and blue bears a Nazea Y- 
Tiahuanacoid aspect. Adjoining wefts of different color areas are interlocked. 


ao © <6 2a 2 ta vew 


Da en oh cee Tn 


Fig. 10. Detail of fabric edges. a, loop fringe formed from alternate weft 
threads (4—9350c) ; b, extra thread carried along outside warp and twisted to form 
extra warps at regular intervals; c, extra warps with wefts in place (all about 
twice actual size); d, actual appearance of ‘stepped’ edge (4-9350d). 


4—9350c, a piece of fringed banding about 40 mm. wide, is woven in an open- 
slit tapestry technique. The pattern is of small geometric figures, portions of 
which are outlined by a wrapped warp. The fringe is formed by uncut loops 
of weft elements; perhaps these passed around extra warps which were later 
removed (fig. 10a). The colors used are red, pink, yellow, and white. 


4—9350d is composed of a border about 30 mm. wide crudely sewed down 
parallel to a fragment of cloth. The cloth is a fine tapestry showing three 
stripes, blue, brown, tan. The border is in slit tapestry weave but has a special 
interest in its ‘stepped’ edge (fig. 10d). The extra warps needed for this are 
obtained by adding one free warp at the edge; at the desired intervals a long 
loop of this warp is taken up and turned upon itself three times, forming four 
short warp strands (fig. 10b). The weft elements at that point are carried out 
into these (fig. 10c). The colors used are black, red, yellow, pink, and light 
yellow. 

4—9350e is a fragment of mediumly coarse cloth in simple tapestry weave. 
Tied-and-dyed technique of decoration shows the original yellow color of the 
cloth in large hollow diamonds on a red background. 


23 This volume, pp. 279-282, pl. 88a, b, f; pl. 90d. 


1927 |: Gayton: The Uhle Collections from Nieveria 32 


| 


SPINDLE WHORLS 


A collection of 76 spindle whorls:is comprised under 4—9342. An analysis 
of their materials showed their composition to be as follows: artificial, i.e., pottery 
(fired at low temperature, 1.e., not exceeding 1000° F.), 14; steatite, 45; shell, 5; 
fine crystalline limestone (marble), 4; bone, 1; clear brown calcite, 1; undeter- 


mined, probably natural (ferruginous shale?), 1; undetermined but positively 
natural, 1.24 


ee 
pC 
oe 


Fig. 11. Spindle whorls: a, b, low shapes; c, pear shape; d, g, bottle-neck 
shapes; e, f, lozenge shapes; h—j, steatite whorls with incised ornamentation. 


There is no relation between shapes of the whorls and their materials. 
The group of artificial whorls is the only one in which there is any homogeneity 
of shape: they are spherical or slightly lenticular. The shapes are mainly 
three: (1) low, round or lenticular sides, about 5-7 mm. high, 10-15 mm. wide, 
7 mm., diameter of perforation; (2) pear-shaped, 10-15 mm. high, 12-16 mm. 
wide, 6 mm., diameter of perforation; (3) lozenge, lenticular or ovoid, 12-20 mm. 
high, 12-18 mm. wide, 6 mm., diameter of perforation. A bottle-neck shape 
occurs in the bone, shell, and steatite groups. (See figure lla-g.) With the 
exception of one shell whorl only those of steatite are ornamented. Thirteen soap- 
stone whorls of both pear and low ring shapes have dot-circle and scar-incising 
(fig. 11h-)). 

Whorls of soapstone, bone, and shell similar to those just described were found 
in the Epigone period at Pachacamae by Uhle. The pottery whorls occuring 
there in the same period are not only ornamented but are of a different shape 
from those at Nieveria.25 


24 For the analysis of the spindle whorls we are indebted to Professor George 
F. Louderback, Department of Geological Sciences, University of California. 


25 Pachacamae, p. 34, figs. 38-48. 


326 Unwersity of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 21 


CONCLUSIONS 


RELATION OF POTTERY STYLES AT NIEVERIA 


The present collection of pottery from Nieveria represents two 
styles of ware. One is a local type characteristic of the valley of 
Lima; it is called Proto-Lima style and is characterized by four intra- 
stylistic strains designated in this paper as A, B, C, and D. The 
other is a pottery of local manufacture reflecting influences from 
three extraneous coast styles, namely, Epigonal styles at Pachacamae 
in the neighboring Lurin valley, plastic Proto-Chimu style from the 
north, and Nazea Y style from the south. 

Available source data make possible a primary segregation between 
vessels from graves, which are of Proto-Lima and Epigonal styles only, 
and those of non-grave source, which show Proto-Chimu and Nazea Y 
styles as well. Lacking further information a determination of the 
temporal relations of the styles is not readily nor reliably definable. 
In the absence of extraneous proof we offer this tentative stylistic 
Sequence (reading upward) : 


Strain D 


; : y \ fine ware 
Epigonaloid strain B f 


(Later) Proto-Lima Epigonal A and B 


Strain C 


Strain B \ 
j poor ware 
Strain A if 


(Earlier) Nazca Y—Proto-Chimu influences 


This arrangement is supported by the following facts. There is no 
evidence of temporal independence among the four trends in Proto- 
Lima style. A, B, and D have characteristic shapes and designs, yet 
constitute the general Proto-Lima style by virtue of those features 
which they have in common; namely, color of paste, color of back- 
eround, three-four color scheme, and arrangement of design areas. 
There is, as well, an overlapping of the characteristic attributes of 
the trends. Strain C is itself a unifying element in Proto-Lima style 
because of its occurrence with Strains A, B, and D. 

The rare occurrence of strains A and D in the same grave does not 
signify a time difference between modes. That graves at one site yield 
objects of the same genre but of different quality, suggests that such 
graves represent burial offerings of two economically varying social 
strata rather than two disparate stylistic periods. 


1927} Gayton: The Uhle Collections from Nieveria 327 


In discussing Proto-Lima style attention was called to its analogies 
with the interlocking style at Chanecay. Similarities as represented by 
the present collection are found in textile and interlocking designs of 
strain C, which occur on all Proto-Lima forms. Vessel shapes common 
to Lima and Chaneay which Uhle mentions in his discussion of 
stylistic relations between the two localities?® are lacking in the 
present collection. 

The occurrence of Epigonal influenced ware in the graves with 
‘strain B together with the fact that it is a marked ingredient of many 
strain B vessels places the Proto-Lima period in the valley of Lima as 
about contemporaneous with the Epigonal period at Pachacamaec in 
the neighboring Lurin valley. This brings us to the much discussed 
problem of the priority of Epigonal styles to that of Tiahuanaco. 
The nature of the Epigonal elements in the ware from Nieveria offers 
no determinative evidence. Nieveria Epigonal is neither immediately 
aberrant Tiahuanacan as in Middle Ancon II?’ nor decadent Epigonal 
as in Early Ica I;?* it is self-contained yet displays palpable Tiahu- 
anacan resemblances. 

The priority at Nieveria of Chimu and Nazea influenced styles to 
Proto-Lima is postulated entirely upon the relation of all three styles 
to the style of Tiahuanaco. At Nieveria Epigonal ware is not only 
of the same grave provenience as Proto-Lima but is an ingredient of 
strain B. Hence, Proto-Lima cannot be far removed from a period 
of Tiahuanacan style regardless of whether Epigonal style is a pre- 
or post-Tiahuanacan development. Local styles of Chimu and Nazca 
are believed to have reached their apogee previous to the invasion of 
Tiahuanacan culture into the coast region. Such of their elements as 
reached the valley of Lima probably became an integral part of the 
prevailing style at that locality in pre-Tiahuanacan times. It is not 
fanciful to regard plastic strain D of Proto-Lima as a local interpre- 
tation of earlier Proto-Chimu influences. 

26 Uhle, Frihkulturen, pp. 359-371. 


27 This volume, pp. 135-190, pls. 41-49, 11 figs. in text. 
28 This volume, pp. 95-133, pls. 25-40, 17 figs. in text. 


328 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. 


Plate Number Style we Plate Number Style 
II tN | 46 

. Naz. Y Infl. 

Epig. A | 

D Av 8 

Epig.A | ; 

Epig. B 

D (C) 

B 

D (C) 

Be.) 

B?(C) 


III are 


IV B(D) 2! S Se ears 


Ex: . 


Epig. A 
Epig. A? (B?) 
D (B) 


NATPRwWDHNHF NANPWNHNH ANH wWNYH 
Na nmrwrnNHPrnraankwonrtranr work 


29 d’Harcourt, evi La Céramique de Cajamarquill 
Am. Paris, n.s., XIv, pls. 2-7, 1922. 


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1927 | Gayton: The Uhle Collections from Nieveria 329 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES AND CATALOGUE NUMBERS OF 
SPECIMENS ILLUSTRATED 


Grave number appears in parentheses. 


Plate 91. Various styles: a, 4-9276, strain B; b, 4-9187 (11), Epigonal A; 
c, 4—-9260, strain C; d, 4-9265, Epigonal B; e, 4-9197 (6), strain A; f, 4-9169 (3), 
strain D. 

Plate 92. Various styles: a, 4-9236, b, 4-9234, Chimu influenced; c, 4—-9272, 
d, 4-9269, Nazca Y influenced; e, 4-9312, f, 4-9311, strain A. 

Plate 93. Proto-Lima strains, A, B, C: a, 4-9213 (22), b, 4-9173 (4), e, 
4—9231 (33), d, 4-9219 (27), e, 4-9167 (2), f, 49299, 1, 4-9252, strain A; g, 
4-9208 (18), 7, 4-9271 k, 4-9309, 1, 4—-9304, strain B; h, 4-9232 (34), strain C. 

Plate 94. Proto-Lima strain B, Epigonal A: a, 4-9278, b, 4-9217, c, 4-9279, 
e, 4—-9277, f, 4-9247, g, 4-9305, h, 4-9249, 1, 4-9285, 7, 4-9181, k, 4-9251, 1, 4-9281, 
strain B; d, 4-9190, Epigonal A. 

Plate 95. Various styles: a, 4-9254, c, 4-9175, 1, 4-9166, strain C; b, 4—9308, 
d, 4-9250, strain B; e, 4—9283, Epigonal B; f, 4-9246, Nazca Y influenced; g, 
4—9238, h, 4-9237, k, 4-9242, I, 4-9243, m, 4-9241, Chimu influenced; j, 4—-9170, 
Epigonal A. 

Plate 96. Various styles: a, 4-9197 (12), e, 4-9164 (1), k, 4-9172 (3), strain 
A; b, 4-9207 (17), miscellaneous; c, 4—9245, Chimu influenced; d, 4-9209 (19), 
f, 4-9171 (3), g, 4-9291, h, 4-9244, 7, 4-9248, 1, 4-9273, strain B; j, 4-9303, 
Nazea Y influenced. 

Plate 97. Nieveria styles of pottery from Pachacamac; University Museum, 
Philadelphia: a, b, 26753 (1188), Nazea Y Chimu influenced; c, 26769 (998), d, 
26754 (808), e, 26765 (803), f, 26762 (957), strain B. Bae ss 

Figure 2. Wooden objects: a, 4-9322; b, 4-9320; c, 4-9319; d, 4-9318; e, 
49223; f, 4-9316; g, 4-9315; h, 4-9314. | 

Figure 3. Cradle: 4—-9326. 

Figure 4. Bone implements: a, 4-9328; b, 4-9329; c, 4-9327; d, 4-9330; 
e, 4-9331. 

Figure 5. Shell ornaments: a, 4-9334a; b, 4-9334d; c, 4-9334b; d, 4-9334e; 
e, 4-9334b; f, 4-9337a; g, 4-9337c; h, 4-9337d. 

Figure 6. Amulets: a, b, 4-9336a; c, d, 4-9336b; e, 49336c. 

Figure 7. Earplugs: a, 4-9343; b, 4-93473 c, 4-9345; d, 4-933). 

Figure 8. Knitted cap: 4-9350a. 

Figure 9. Knitted fabric: 4-9350e. 

Figure 10. Detail of fabric edges: a, 4-9350c; b, c, 4-9350d. 

Figure 11. Spindle whorls: 4-9342. 


‘a 


QV eAEins PUBL AM: ARCH. & ETHN. VOL. 21 [GAYTON]| PLATE 91 


O-LIMA A, B, C, D} EPIGONAL A, B, WARES 


UNIV eCALIE: PUBLS AM. ARGH. & EXRHN. VOL, 21 [GAYTON] 


PRO1O-LIMA A; NAZCA Y, CHIMU INFLUENCED, WARES 


PLATE 


SF 


WNiVerGCAL TEP UBE. AM (ARGH? & ETHAN, VOLE. 21 


PROTO-LIMA A, B, C, WARES 


[GAYTON | 


PEATEs Ss 


UNIVIGALECTE. PUBL. AM: ARGH. & ETHN: VOL. 211 [GAYTON] PLATE 94 


PROTO-LIMA B; EPIGONAL A WARES 


we 


> 


; 


Sd eat See 


Pa hae 


DINIVESGAELES PUBL. AM. ARGH. & ETHN. VOL. 21 [GAYTON] PLATE 95 


k 


PROTO-LIMA B; EPIGONAL, NAZCA Y, CHIMU INFLUENCED, WARES 


VININeCALIE. PUBL. AMZ ARCH? & ETHN: VOL. 21 [GAYTON] PLATE 96 


PROTO-LIMA A, B; NAZCA Y, CHIMU INFLUENCED, WARES 


Unive GALIE. PUBE AM. ARGH: @:BTHN. VOL. 21 [GAYTON] PLATE 97 


NIEVER{A STYLES OF POTTERY FROM PACHACAMAC 
UNIVERSITY MUSEUM, PHILADELPHIA 


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